Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle (1969):
The project that foresees a “class” of satiated slaves satisfied with their lot who work to benefit austere and sober masters, in accordance with the latter’s “creative tasks,” is nothing other than a systematization of what Nietzsche sees in the already existing order: namely, that the false hierarchy of the so-called ruling class, which believes it determines the fate of the rarest individuals, hidden among the masses, in reality frees an inverted an secret hierarchy from its most vile tasks—a hierarchy formed by “surplus men” who are unassimilable to the general interest. The “rulers” (industrialists, military men, bankers, bureaucrats, etc.) with their various tasks, are merely effective slaves who work unknowingly on behalf of these hidden masters, and thus for a contemplative caste that ceaselessly forms the “values” and the meaning of life.